Note 11 – Income Taxes

The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company does not believe any material uncertain tax positions were present. Accordingly, interest and penalties have not been accrued due to an uncertain tax position.

The components of the income tax provision are as follows:

 Schedule of Income Tax Provision

Deferred income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:

 Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

The Company has no current income taxes payable other than certain state minimum taxes which are included in general and administrative expenses.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) for 2023 and 2022 consist of the following:

 Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law making several changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The changes include but are not limited to: increasing the limitation on the amount of deductible interest expense, allowing companies to carryback certain net operating losses, and increasing the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that corporations can use to offset taxable income. The tax law changes in the Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s income tax provision.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of taxable income during the periods in which the temporary differences representing net future deductible amounts become deductible, and is impacted by the Company’s ability to carryforward losses to years in which the Company has taxable income. Due to the Company’s history of losses and lack of other positive evidence to support taxable income, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against those deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realized. The valuation allowances were $40,815, $34,388 and $31,023 as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, representing increases of $6,427 and $3,365 for the years ending December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had Federal net operating loss carryforwards of $38,080 which will begin to expire in 2032. In addition, the Company has federal net operating loss carryforwards of $77,025 which have an indefinite carryforward period. The Company also had federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $4,432. The federal net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2032, if not utilized. The difference between the statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate is primarily attributable to the valuation allowance offsetting deferred tax assets.

Utilization of the net operating losses and general business tax credits carryforwards may be subject to a substantial limitation under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to changes in ownership of the Company that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of net operating losses and general business tax credits carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. The Company has not completed a study to determine whether it had undergone an ownership change since the Company’s inception.

Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, research and development costs are no longer fully deductible and are required to be capitalized and amortized for U.S. tax purposes effective January 1, 2022. The mandatory capitalization requirement increases our deferred tax assets.

Sale of net operating losses (NOLs) & tax credits

The Company recognized $484 and $3,491 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in connection with the sale of certain State of New Jersey Net Operating Losses (“NOL”) and Research and Development (“R&D”) tax credits to a third party under the New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program. In addition, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, signed into law on December 22, 2017 imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest and limits NOL deductions to 80% of net taxable income for losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017.